Yearbook of Kutaisi Ilia Chavchavadze Public Library

Kutaisi Public Library, named after Ilia Chavchavadze for over a century and a half

Rita Tsakadze — 2023-11-07

Kutaisi Ilia Chavchavadze Public Library is one of the oldest libraries in Georgia, boasting a collection of over a million library documents including books, periodicals, and CD-DVD collections. Its collection spans both Georgian and foreign language literature, encompassing unique and rare publications that are considered national treasures.

Founded in 1873 by Anton Lortkipanidze, the library celebrated its 150th anniversary recently. From its inception, it has been a gathering place for the intellectual community of Kutaisi. In 1893, Anton Lortkipanidze donated his book collection to establish the city’s public library, laying the foundation for its growth.

Over the years, the library underwent several transformations. In 1930, it was renamed Kutaisi State Public Library with Kosta Tavberidze appointed as its first director. The library moved to its current location in 1934, originally the residence of merchant Giorgi Stefanes dze Akofov, and expanded in 1914-1915 to include a third floor based on engineer E. Fricke’s design.

In 1957, the library was named after Ilia Chavchavadze, a prominent Georgian writer and public figure. By 1974, all city and children’s libraries in Kutaisi were centralized under its administration. Today, the Kutaisi Ilia Chavchavadze Public Library operates under the city’s self-government with 12 branches, including 10 city branches, 2 children’s branches, a literary house named after Andria Sinauri, and an American Corner established in 2012 with support from the American Embassy.

The library serves as a regional coordination and methodological center for the Imereti region, providing methodological assistance to various libraries. Currently, it operates with 17 departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific work as its main priority. The library caters to all categories of readers, maintaining its role as a cornerstone of cultural and educational life in Kutaisi and beyond.

Since 2009, important projects have been implemented in the library:

Every year, an international scientific conference on Georgian and librarianship is Reports (from both present and absent participants) are published in the library’s scientific collection „Yearbook“. Fourteen volumes of the „Yearbook“ have already been published. The collection has a website: https://yearbook.openjournals. ge/index.php/kly. The digital version is also available in the digital library of the National Library of the Parliament of Georgia, Iverieli: https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/ Weliwdeuli.

Collections of analytical bibliographies of periodicals from the Imereti region are developed and published.

Additionally, three author competitions are organized by the library:

2013 - International photo competition „Book through the Lens“ (13th City Library).
2015 - Literary competition „Golden Leaf of Chadri“.
2022 - Calligraphy

In 2022, the „White Bridge“ magazine was founded. To date, four issues have been published.

Despite the age of its funds and the library itself, it is impossible to discuss a modern library today without electronic resources. Therefore, the library constantly strives to utilize all means to develop its electronic resources. To achieve this, it not only acquires electronic information databases but also creates its own. This year, the electronic cataloging process of the Georgian book fund was completed at http: // opacqutaisi.gela.org.ge/. Some libraries have already begun electronic cataloging of their foreign language book collections. Since 2015, the library has participated in a joint project with the National Library of the Parliament of Georgia and Geocell, titled „Digital Photo Chronicle“ (https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/104502). The project aims to preserve the history of the Imereti region and our city by discovering and collecting digital versions of photo collections held in private families and unknown to the public. This year, the Kutaisi Public Library launched the digital library „Uchimerion“. Work is underway to digitize the library’s book collections and periodicals and place them in the aforementioned digital database.

The Kutaisi Public Library serves as a beloved meeting place for the Kutaisi community. Numerous events are held here annually, including book presentations, conferences, public lectures, poetry evenings, competitions, discussions on current issues, creative sessions, anniversaries, meetings, and more.

The library rightfully takes pride in its collection of unique and rare publications. Noteworthy among them are incunabula such as Domitius Calderon’s „Commentary of Martialis“ (1498), Dionysius Lambini’s „Horace“ (1595), and „Law of Batonishvili’s Vakhtang“ (1828), among others.

Through its depository-exchange fund, the Kutaisi Public Library supports libraries of various types and agencies throughout Georgia, as well as in rural areas, in strengthening their book collections.

The library is an active member of the Georgian Library Association and the Consortium of Georgian Libraries.

Letters of Bishop Gabriel to Grigol Dadiani

Nana Abuladze — 2023-11-07

Bishop Gabrieli played a significant role in the development and reinforcement of the spiritual life of Georgian society in the 19th century. Numerous monographs and scientific works have been prepared to describe the life and achievements of Bishop Gabrieli. The document below aims to present archival materials preserved in the fund of the Dadiani Palaces History and Architectural Museum, which demonstrate the historical relationship between the Bishop of Imereti and Grigol Dadiani.

Bishop Gabrieli began his public life during a period when the strong spirit of Georgian society was waning, amidst the historical developments of the first half of the 19th century. Specifically, this was when the Russian Empire abolished Georgia’s statehood and aimed to assimilate the Georgian nation.

Gabrieli grew up in a clergyman’s family, and his inner world was filled with love for God and his homeland, leading him to fight against injustice.

It is worth mentioning that Bishop Gabrieli had a warm relationship with Grigol Dadiani, the brother of the ruler of Samegrelo region, David Dadiani. The letters preserved in the Dadiani Museum’s collection are significant as they illustrate Grigol Dadiani’s education and literacy. It’s also important to note that Bishop Gabrieli respected Grigol’s views; Grigol played an active role in 19th-century public life as a poet using pen names ‘Kolkhideli’ and ‘Gegechkori,’ as well as a translator who contributed to Georgian culture.

The Bishop actively defended the Georgian language, believing that it safeguarded the homeland’s statehood and religion. For him, the Georgian language was a weapon in his struggle, crucial for every Georgian person. Thinking in one’s native language was a cornerstone of the homeland and fertile soil nourishing the nation.

In this context, the correspondence between Bishop Gabrieli and the nobleman of Samegrelo, Grigol Dadiani, confirms their relationship during that specific period. These letters are intriguing and important as they reflect respect for literacy and education, modesty, love, a positive relationship, and mutual respect, all of which are highly valued.

Some aspects of the creativitySome creativity of Shalva Nutsubidze

Manana Bandzeladze — 2023-11-07

Throughout history, the Georgian nation has consistently distinguished itself with a high level of cultural, historical, literary, and philosophical development. In this context, the contributions of the renowned 20th-century Georgian philosopher, Shalva Nutsubidze, stand out prominently. He played a pivotal role in the establishment of Georgian University, the conceptualization of the Georgian Renaissance, and signifificant advancements in Georgian philosophical thought.

It is noteworthy that there exists a notable connection between Kutaisi Tsereteli University and the Parskhanakanevi First School.

The novelty of this paper lies in its unique exploration of the relationship between Imereti and Shalva Nutsubidze. Given the conference’s theme on Imereti, particular attention is given to Nutsubidze’s relationship with this picturesque region of Georgia. Biographical insights underscore the scientist’s deep ties with Imereti.

One of the key contributions of Shalva Nutsubidze is his development of Georgian philosophical thought. Notably, he argued convincingly in his work „The Secret of Dionysius the Areopagite“ that the author of the Areopagian books was Petre Iberi from the 5th century, rather than the 1st-century scholar Dionysius the Areopagite. This insight greatly inflfluenced Shota Rustaveli’s worldview.

Another signifificant achievement in Nutsubidze’s career was his theory of the Oriental Renaissance, which had several precursors. Since the 1970s, this theory, along with its author, has gained widespread recognition. The theory posits that the Eastern Renaissance preceded and inflfluenced the Western Renaissance by several centuries.

Furthermore, while other Georgian scholars also referenced the Oriental Renaissance, the theory itself is primarily associated with Shalva Nutsubidze.

In conclusion, Shalva Nutsubidze’s reinterpretation of the Areopagus writings laid the groundwork for the concept of the Eastern Renaissance, asserting its precedence over the Western Renaissance.

Two poems in Akaki Tsereteli’s poetry („Imeretian Nanina“, "Imeretian Song“)

Dali Betkhoshvili — 2023-11-07

This study investigates the lasting signifificance of Akaki Tsereteli›s poetry, focusing on „Imeretian Nanina“ and „Imeretian Song“. It delves into the poet’s worldview, exploring how it surpasses the limitations of the 19th century and connects
with contemporary national and global concerns.

Akaki Tsereteli›s prolifific and varied body of work tackles a wide range of themes. Notably, he confronts the social and political realities of his era head-on. With a sharp eye for societal issues, he analyzes problems that remain relevant today.

„Imeretian Nanina“ exemplififies this. The poem seamlessly blends past, present, and future. It reflflects the Georgian spirit of a bygone era, with echoes still present, urging the reader to focus on building a brighter future. Importantly, the poem champions core values like individual liberty, social equality, and universal education – all essential ingredients for a nation›s well-being. These concerns, which deeply troubled Akaki Tsereteli, continue to be central to national and global discourse in the present day.

The poem also elevates the Georgian woman as a symbol of the motherland. It emphasizes her role in nurturing future generations and guiding them towards a brighter future. This nurturing spirit, compared to the Virgin Mary, is depicted as a
source of strength and hope for the nation.

Furthermore, „Imeretian Nanina“ underscores the importance of individual freedom. It argues that a just social order necessitates individual liberty, free from oppression and defifined by one›s own will and moral compass. This concept resonates not only with Akaki Tsereteli›s time but also with the ideals of a free and just society in our interconnected world.

The exploration of themes continues in „Imeretian Song“, composed in 1876. Here, Akaki Tsereteli captures the essence of Georgian national identity. He weaves a complex tapestry of emotions – love, sadness, pain, disappointment, and hope –
that reflflect the historical experiences of the Georgian people. Akaki Tsereteli›s own internal struggles with hope and despair, love and loss, imbue his work with a poignant depth that continues to resonate with readers.

The theme of Imereti in ancient Georgian writing

Omar Gvetadze — 2023-11-07

In ancient Georgian literature, the predominant themes often revolve around events occurring in various regions of Georgia. Notably, Eastern Georgia’s regions like Kakheti, Tbilisi, Kvemo Kartli, and Mtskheta frequently depict events such as the torture of Abo, Estatia Mtskheli, and Gobroni. However, Imereti has received comparatively less attention until the Renaissance, when several works emerged shedding light on this region. Authors of these works expressed their perspectives on Imereti, delving into the lives, thoughts, and concerns of its inhabitants.

Renaissance poets dedicated their verses to kings and renowned fifigures, offffering a narrative of historical events rather than employing elaborate literary devices like metaphor or epithet. The use of the sixteen-syllable Rustaveli „shairi“ is common in these poems. However, there exists a subtle contradiction with „Persian rumors“, while the emphasis on national themes hints at the emergence of a national epic.

In the realm of Georgian literary history, Peshang’s contributions are often overlooked. It is commonly asserted that Peshang distorts historical reality, crafts panegyrics, and exhibits narrow patriotism. These perspectives require reevaluation.
Firstly, a work of art is not obligated to meticulously reflflect historical reality; it transcends mere chronicle. Secondly, Peshang advocates for the unifification of Georgia in his poem, praising fifigures like Shahnawaz and Archil, emphasizing respect for the king and unity among the people. Notably, Imereti is mentioned 27 times and Kutaisi six times in the poem. Analysis of the examples presented in the article suggests that Peshang’s work does not merely reflflect narrow patriotism. Rather, he evaluates historical events unfolding in Imereti from a national standpoint with objectivity and insight.

Writer’s „Think Painting“ Imereti (According to Davit Kldiashvili’s Work)

Tamar Gogoladze — 2023-11-07

Davit Kldiashvili (1862-1931) dedicated his entire life and literary career to Imereti, a picturesque region of Georgia. This article aims to explore how Kldiashvili portrayed Imereti in his works and how Grigol Robakidze analyzed Kldiashvili’s literary contributions.

Since the 1860s, Georgian literature has grappled with the question of Imereti’s distinctiveness within the broader Georgian cultural landscape. Davit Kldiashvili, himself a native son of Imereti and a prolifific writer, articulated this uniqueness both in his artistic creations and memoirs. This article seeks to depict the portrait of Imeretian
characters as portrayed by Kldiashvili.

Grigol Robakidze, another prominent writer and literary critic born in Imereti, reflflects on Kldiashvili’s artistic style in his essay „Davit Kldiashvili“. Robakidze notes that despite Kldiashvili’s strict adherence to realism, the characters he created possess a distinctive aura. While Kldiashvili observes the moods and nuances of his relatives and acquaintances in works like „On the Road of My Life“, Robakidze critically examines Kldiashvili’s oeuvre to elucidate his artistic genius.

In the concluding section of his essay, Robakidze emphasizes, „If uniqueness were to be rewarded, Imereti would undoubtedly claim the prize fifirst“. This statement underscores the exceptional nature of Imereti and its inhabitants, as perceived by Robakidze. He fifinds irreproducibility in the region’s landscapes, fauna, and most signifificantly, its people, whom Kldiashvili portrays with simplicity, ease, and a touch of humorous melancholy against the backdrop of Georgia’s societal challenges during that era.

Ultimately, this article aims to highlight the distinctive perspectives of these two writers, both deeply connected to their native Imereti. Their writings serve as keys to unlocking the essence of Imereti and its people, enriching Georgian literature with their nuanced portrayals and keen observations.

Innovative Technological Projects of Niko and Giorgi Nikoladze in Georgia

Lali Gochitashvili — 2023-11-07

The names of Niko Nikoladze and his son Giorgi Nikoladze hold a distinguished place alongside our renowned ancestors. It is rare to fifind a family as multi-talented, patriotic, entrepreneurial, and exemplary as father and son Niko and Giorgi Nikoladze, not just in our country, but worldwide.

The equally talented children of the brilliant father continued and expanded upon their father’s ideas, contributing signifificantly to their homeland and Georgian industry. The prominent Georgians Niko and Giorgi were blessed with diverse talents, deeply European-minded, and astute businessmen. They imported modern innovations and technologies from Europe to Georgia, adapting them to local conditions and disseminating them among the populace for the country’s benefifit.

Their contributions spanned science, engineering, construction, agriculture, metallurgy, railways, transportation, banking, electrifification, educational reforms, sports, mathematics, and the introduction of Georgian terminology. They even pioneered the fifirst calculating machine and numerous other innovations that greatly benefifited the country. Their achievements are countless, but one thing stands out— they possessed an immense love for their homeland and dedicated all their talents and energy to its advancement.

In Didi Jikhaishi village, the Nikoladze family estate, now a museum, exemplififies how one can live a European lifestyle in a village setting.

The authors of this work fifirmly believe that it is crucial for our country’s future generations to delve deeper into the legacy of Niko and Giorgi Nikoladze. As exceptionally talented, innovative, and fifiercely patriotic Georgians, their technological projects deserve special attention and widespread dissemination. By promoting their accomplishments and utilizing their works, we can pave the way for Georgia’s European future.

Anthroponyms in Lower Imereti (According to Ocribian Speech)

Eka Dadiani — 2023-11-07

This article explores the formation and word structure of anthroponyms in sub- Imerian, specifically Ocribian speech. The analysis is based on dialectal material preserved at the Tariel Futkaradze Scientific-Research Center of Kartveloology, recorded in the 1990s in villages of the Okrib community (Orpiri, Kursebi, Chkepi).

1. In Ocribian speech, proper nouns with a consonant base predominantly exhibit names ending in -i vowels: Tarasi-m, Jimsheri-m, Nodari-s, Emzari-s... These are alternated with forms ending in -o (Gramiton-o, Eter-o).

Conversely, a less common trend reverses this pattern, producing names ending in -i from consonant-based forms; for instance, St. Georg-o appears in spell texts. Both trends emerge from Georgian soil and exemplify the internal linguistic development laws (dialect) (K. Kublashvili).

A peculiarity is noted in names ending with -a vowel, which are represented with an -e ending: Juliete, Natele.

2. Anthroponyms are formed using word-forming affixes: -A: Gramitona, Razdena... Ciuria, Endings such as -a > -e: Triphone, Tariele. -ia: Tengizia, Razdenia... Shotaia, Kakoia. -ia > -ie (partial assimilation): kikilie, datoie. Rarely -ia > -ii (complete assimilation): as seen in the case of Lashi.

Names like Ik-o: Valiko, Datiko; -ik-a / -uk-a: Ivanika, Beruka; -un-a: Datuna; -el-a / -il-e (>-il-a): Kaciela. -il-o in words such as Kikilo, Babilo; -Oul: Shotouli; -Uts-A: Gogutsa, Tsutsa.

3. Interesting phonetic changes in some proper names include: Noah > No-v-e (development of v sound), Ieso > Iose (metathesis), Margarita < Margalita (dissimilation).

4. Ocribian speech notably includes a considerable usage of proper names of Russian origin or influence: Sonichka, Anichka, Alyosha, Shura, Zhora...

5. Written texts also feature various names and nicknames: Alim, Apoli, Bululi, Bujgi, Mastredia, Mironia...

The primary tendencies in the evolution of anthroponyms in Ocribian speech are consistent with Georgian norms, with differences primarily observed in individual names that adhere to general rules.

Imerisms in Zurab Kukhianidze’s Poetry

Vaja Danelia — 2023-11-07

In literature worldwide, authors often draw from the rich reservoir of colloquial language, resurrecting forgotten terms and inventing new ones, thereby enriching the tapestry of their literary expression. This holds true for Georgia as well.

Zurab Kukhianidze, hailing from Kutaisi, emerges as a fascinating creator whose poetic language resonates across different generations and tastes, thus piquing the keen interest of researchers.

This paper aims to delve into the role of dialectical elements in Zurab Kukhianidze’s poetic universe, particularly focusing on Imerisms. These linguistic elements not only infuse a natural cadence into the narrative, evoking the ethnic hues of his native region and portraying local realities with profound artistic effect, but they also serve as windows into the writer’s innermost thoughts and emotions. As poet Otar Mamforia beautifully reflects, „His poems are akin to paths of the soul, where through their protective verses, one can hear the echoes of Georgian soil.“

Within Zurab Kukhianidze’s poetry, a significant role is bestowed upon

angular speech, predominantly through Imerisms. This emphasis is unsurprising given that the essence of his poetry is deeply rooted in his love for the land of his birth and upbringing — Imereti. As he muses in conversation with an Imeretian peasant, „There is one ‘Ime’!... But which one? ‘I’m here.“ Hence, Imerisms organically permeate his work, ensuring lexical diversity and authentically capturing the dialectical essence of this distinctive region.

Metropolitan Varlaam (Makharadze) Kutatel-Gaenateli, repressed by the Soviet regime – 150 years since his birth

Lasha Deisadze-Sharvashidze — 2023-11-07

The history of our motherland and the Apostolic Orthodox Church of Georgia, without exaggeration, represents a shared journey throughout the modern era. Over the centuries, numerous honorable high priests and deacons of the Georgian Church have distinguished themselves through exceptional work, many ending their lives heroically as martyrs, sacrificing themselves for the welfare and future of their homeland and church, joining the heavenly ranks of heroes and martyrs.

Among these eminent figures who met heroic ends, Metropolitan Varlaam (Makharadze) of Kutatel-Gaenateli holds a special place from a historical perspective. He was one of the prominent high priests of the Apostolic Orthodox Church of Georgia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Metropolitan Varlaam’s ministry began during the colonial rule of the Russian Empire in Georgia and continued through the Soviet annexation of Georgia. Throughout, Reverend Varlaam tirelessly served God, the Church, and the country with unwavering dedication and principle, maintaining the highest standards in his words and actions. Tragically, he fell victim to Soviet repression in 1937, and his final resting place remains unknown.

In 2023, we marked 150 years since the birth and 80 years since the death of Metropolitan Varlaam of Kutatel-Gaenateli, according to official records.

From the biography of Professor Tariel Putkaradze (period of work in Kutaisi)

Iamze Vashakidze — 2023-11-07

Our goal is to present and elucidate certain biographical episodes of Prof. Tariel Putkaradze based on his own letters and notes shared on social networks. These materials are noteworthy because they reveal both the typical challenges of public life and the personal traits that largely defined the tense, restless, and intriguing life of Prof. Tariel Putkaradze.

The primary responsibility of the author of these notes is to uphold truth in recounting both national and personal history, “so that fabricators do not hinder current or future generations.” Regarding his tenure in Kutaisi, Putkaradze also provides insights into his contemporaries, particularly Professor M. Todua of Akaki Tsereteli State University, who appointed him as director of the newly established Institute of Dialectology. Todua significantly contributed to the institute’s activities and to the broader development of Georgian research. Putkaradze’s notes also discuss his friendships and collaborations, the birth of new scientific ideas, and his interactions with local government representatives, despite differing political platforms, to advance cultural and educational interests of national importance.

For Prof. T. Putkaradze, the paramount and most constructive endeavor is the struggle for Georgia’s independence, uniting Georgian citizens, and promoting a sound, scientifically grounded orientation. His dedication to the common national cause is invigorated by selfless support and relationships with individuals who embody a „strong national spirit“ through their personal lives.

Kutaisi City represents the most cherished period of Prof. Putkaradze’s life; its friendly environment is a place „imbued with tender love,“ where he finds solace and gathers strength for creative work. His guiding principle is the scientific

and educational traditions of Kutaisi, established by the finest minds of Georgian intelligentsia who fought against imperial attempts to fragment the Georgian linguistic community. Through his scientific and pedagogical work, Prof. Tariel Putkaradze proudly continues this tradition.

Imereti and Alexander Orbeliani

Nino Vakhania — 2023-11-07

Alexander Orbeliani is one of the important representatives of our literature. Akaki Tsereteli refers to him as a „fanatic“ patriot, known for leading the conspiracy of 1832 and tirelessly fighting for Georgia’s independence. „I like Imereti and I love you, Imerlebi“, Alexander Orbeliani said to a young Akaki. The romantic writer believed that the Georgian spirit was better preserved in Imereti than in Eastern Georgia.

Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Kirile Lortkifanidze, Sergey Meskhi, and other Georgians of the 19th century spoke of Alexander Orbeliani with great warmth and sincere respect.

In the writer›s literary legacy, Imereti is depicted from three perspectives. Firstly, as a bastion of Georgian (Imerian) folk songs and laughter. Secondly, from a political standpoint – the author acquaints us with the role of the Imereti army in the Krtsanisi War. And thirdly, through interrogation protocols (specifically, Alexander Orbeliani›s responses to the investigative commission›s questions), we can discern Imereti›s role in the 1832 conspiracy. Alexander Orbeliani is a reliable and truthful storyteller, drawing on firsthand accounts to reveal the truth about historical events. Therefore, his works are highly significant for modern readers, particularly in portraying the life of Imereti through both journalistic and artistic-documentary narratives.

Elguja Tavberidze’s biographical novel „Snow in the Month of the Harvest“ Linguistic-Creative

Tamila Zviadadze — 2023-11-07

The value of an artistic text is determined by its ability to effectively convey the verbalized idea to the reader. The foundation of this effectiveness lies in language.

Elguja Tavberidze›s biographical novels are intriguing not only from an ideological-artistic standpoint and the author›s vision but also due to their linguistic-stylistic features that define the author›s unique style.

The novel «Snow in the Month of the Harvest» chronicles the contributions made by Tada Ashordia to the creation of the Megrelian alphabet. It presents compelling documentary material such as publicist letters and pamphlets from figures like Ilia, Akaki, Jacob Gogebashvili, Tedo Jordania, and others. The author›s aim is to illustrate the evolution of public opinion and the opposition stirred by Tada Ashordia and his associates.

It is crucial to examine the linguistic resources employed by the writer to depict a challenging historical era, to portray prominent figures in a manner that brings out their artistic depth, to integrate documentary material seamlessly into a novel, and to captivate the reader.

Research has shown that Elguja Tavberidze›s linguistic style is characterized by:

Varied significant forms of oral communication, utilizing language that is as natural and spoken as possible, yet enriched with a redistribution of conceptual emphasis.
Construction of utterances that ensure the appropriate perception of
Linguistic features incorporating diverse irony: original similes created through adverbial nouns, metaphorically nuanced phrases, and uniquely structured sentence Understanding these features is essential not only for recognition but also for determining their stylistic function.

Interference Issues in the Speech of IDPs Living in Imereti

Tamila Zviadadze — 2023-11-07

Over the past thirty years, significant changes have been observed in the speech of the population displaced from Abkhazia. Our research focuses on studying interference issues, a topic that has not been extensively researched before in terms of recording and analyzing the speech peculiarities of IDPs from Abkhazia. The research was conducted in regions of Georgia where a large number of IDPs are densely settled. This study specifically investigates the speech characteristics of IDPs living in Imereti, particularly in Tskaltubo.

It is important to note that the majority of displaced persons from Abkhazia now residing in Tskaltubo were originally from Lechkhum, bringing with them the distinct speech peculiarities typical of the Lechkhum dialect. The speech of Lechkhum people from Abkhazia prominently features dialectal variations in household and economic sector vocabulary. Additionally, it includes an archaic layer (understood as dialectical archaisms), vocabulary reflecting ethnographic features, forms influenced by the Russian language, and local idioms, painting a fascinating linguistic portrait. Over time, these IDPs have preserved the Lechkhum dialect while incorporating nuances characteristic of the speech of Georgians living in Abkhazia. During their displacement, further peculiarities emerged through interaction with the Imereti region.

The speech of Svans displaced from Abkhazia also exhibits interference characteristics. Observations reveal that the ergative structure, similar to that found in Svan dialects of the Enguri valley, manifests with its own narrative style and formants, including bi- and even tri-basicality.

The study of the speech of IDPs from Abkhazia and its linguistic analysis holds national significance, provides valuable insights from a linguistic perspective, and is scientifically intriguing from a Georgian standpoint. Notably, the recorded texts contain crucial information for linguistic analysis, revealing forms not attested in the root dialect. The collection and analysis of such texts over time enable the identification of internal dialectal trends.

It is evident that the speech of displaced individuals from Abkhazia integrates various linguistic and dialectal elements, resulting in a distinct interference phenomenon. This overlay of characteristics from different language and dialectal codes represents an often uncontrolled process of influence, where one language or dialect can easily influence another.

Based on the analysis of empirical linguistic (dialectal) material, this publication presents research findings that address the following questions comprehensively:

What factors contribute to interference changes?
What are the levels of interference?
How do lexical and grammatical borrowings manifest in the speech of IDPs?
What are the dynamics of interference and other types of language changes?

On Imeretian Vocabulary (According to Okribian speech)

Marika Tedoradze — 2023-11-07

Studying the lexical richness of the literary language necessitates identifying and analyzing word forms found in dialects. Moreover, with time, certain words gradually fade from memory, despite being integral to our daily lives.

This article explores intriguing word forms documented in Imereti, specifically within the Orpiri community. The data was collected by researchers from ATSU Kartvelian Dialectology Scientific-Research Institute (now known as the Scientific Research Center of Kartvelology named after Tariel Putkaradze) during 1993- 1998. Analytical lexical units were compared with the explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language and various dialectological dictionaries.

Some of the analyzed words are absent from dictionaries, such as „atskhoki“ (small, tiny), „samportqala“ (three-headed, a kind of stick), „pakhutsa“ (heavily lame), „kurza-murza“ (various kinds of pebbles), and „tsachinkhalebuli“ (drunk). Some may be recorded in dictionaries but with different forms or meanings, like „gaghaghanebuli“ (warmed up, heated), „gadzgrialebuli“ (cleaned, arranged), „deiqurquna“ (sound of a bird), „kontlebi“ (small, equal to each other), and „morkolav“ (you plan, you circle).

We identified words confirmed in other dialects, though not mentioned in Imeretian dialectological dictionaries, such as «mozhglimo» (crushing, squashing), „nakle“ (faulty), „nakho“ (husks of ghomi, pods), «saraquda» (a tall person), and „qvintilofs“ (is sleepy, drowsy).

Foreign word forms were relatively scarce. Russian loanwords are notable, including „platuki“ (handkerchief) and „rediska“ (radish), and Turkish „qumusi“ (humus).

Specifics of Depiction of Victims of Communism in Soviet Folklore (According to Imerian Oral Material)

Eter Intskirveli — 2023-11-07

As soon as the Soviet government came to power, it declared a fierce fight against the traditional social order and condemned all social groups connected with it as „class enemies“. The enemy was everyone whom the Soviet government considered an anti-Soviet and counter-revolutionary element. At first, the nobility and clergy close to the royal court fell into this group without hesitation. The next group to face political marginalization was represented by the Menshevik wing of the Social-Democrats. Finally, the Bolsheviks began to search for «enemies of the people» within their own ranks, labeling dissenters as Uklonists. Parallel to these personal-political internal conflicts, polarization was stirred up among the peasantry, manifesting in the conflict between the kulaks and the proletarians. This problem was directly related to the village and the peasants, so it is not surprising that it found expression in oral traditions.

The study of the specifics of the depiction of the victims of communism in folklore revealed that proletarian society shared the idea of restoring socialist justice and the main thesis of the Red Terror. As a result, hatred of «class enemies» is widespread in Soviet folklore. However, there are almost no depictions of «enemies of the people» in folklore, and if they do appear, it is only in the sense of class enemies. It seems that the essence of Stalinist repressions and the concept of impersonal «enemies of the people» became completely unclear to the public.

Imereti in the artistic chronicles of Elguja Tavberidze (according to the novel „Wings of the Wind“)

Salome Kapanadze — 2023-11-07

Turning old news into artistic fabric is a crucial function of writing. Documentation carries significant weight when discussing the paramount figure in Georgian culture - Georgian literature. Our national identity is intricately linked to memory, necessitating careful preservation amidst the ongoing processes of cultural assimilation. Elguja Tavberidze, a writer associated with Imereti, exists, creates, and perseveres within the realm inhabited by Davit Kldiashvili, Rezo Cheishvili, and Otia Ioselian. This ensures that in the contemporary landscape of globalized information and occupational conflicts, essential facets of our heritage remain indelibly etched in memory.

As a writer, Elguja Tavberidze exhibits keen intuition, consistently attuned to the national pulse, and remains proactive in safeguarding values crucial to our national existence, particularly during periods of weakened societal perception. This paper aims to demonstrate that Tavberidze’s artistic realm, characterized by dynamic narratives and artistic representation, precise national accents, and crucially, meticulous documentation, encapsulates profound meanings. Documentation stands as a reliable cornerstone of his work, bolstering his arguments. His works “Climbing a Tree” and “Wings of the Wind” serve as chronicles of ancient tales, their evaluation extending beyond artistic merit to encompass historical significance. Tavberidze’s distinctive stylistic expression, linguistic finesse, and evocative techniques imbue these stories with an enduring impression, anchoring his identity within our historical and cultural situation

Solomon I’s struggle for the unification of Western Georgia

Jemal Karalidze — 2023-11-07

Among the monarchs dedicated to the independence and strengthening of Georgia, Solomon I, known as the „builder“ of Imereti, occupies a prominent position. Solomon ascended to power amidst extremely challenging international and domestic political circumstances. Ottoman hegemony, rampant corruption and betrayal among powerful feudal lords, a weakened church, and a struggling economy and culture were among the myriad issues Solomon confronted with severity. Even his closest relatives – his mother, grandfather, and uncles – sometimes opposed him, necessitating unpopular decisions on his part.

Solomon I crafted an ambitious agenda: establishing a robust centralized government and uniting Western Georgia while liberating it from Ottoman dominance. Over more than three decades, Solomon dedicated himself tirelessly to these goals, achieving notable successes. Unfortunately, due to the complex and conflicting international environment and acute domestic political, economic, and social challenges, Solomon I was unable to fully realize his plans.

Phonetic Varieties of Verb Prefixes in Upper Imeretian

Mariam Koberidze — 2023-11-07

Preverbs represent one of the most complex and intriguing categories within verbs, owing to their quantity, function, and the phonetic changes observed across dialects. This article examines cases where variants arise due to phonetic changes (such as assimilation and dissimilation) of the vowel element ‘o’ in preverb constructions. The study is based on texts recorded and published across different periods.

The significance and novelty of this research lie in its chronological examination of dialectal materials, identifying variations in verb prefixes containing the vowel ‘o’ (whether they change uniformly depending on position) through comparison with data from Imeruli and other Georgian dialects.

Based on the chronological analysis of published dialectal texts, it has been confirmed that the verb prefixes in the Georgian literary language - mo-, amo-, gamo-, gadmo-, shemo-, chamo-, tsamo- - manifest phonetic changes in Zemoimeri as follows: mo→ma; mo→me; mo→mu; amo→ame; gamo→gama; gadmo→gadme; gamo→game; shemo→shame; shemo→sheme; chamo→chame; tsamo→tsame. It was observed that there is no phonetic change in mimo- before the verb. In the recorded dialectal texts, speakers often use multiple dialectal variants of preverbs alongside forms from the literary language.

The research indicates that the positions and outcomes of phonetic changes in verbs containing the vowel ‘o’ are similar to those found in Imeruli and other Georgian dialects. The ‘o’ vowel undergoes changes under the influence of the preceding m- object marker, prefixes (e-, i-, u-), and root vowels.

Giorgi (Aladashvili), Bishop of Imereti

Irakli Lortkipanidze — 2023-11-07

During the 19th and 20th centuries, numerous distinguished clergy served in the Apostolic Orthodox Church of Georgia, including Bishop Giorgi (Aladashvili) of Imereti.

On February 1, 1908, Bishop Giorgi (Aladashvili) of Guria-Samegrelo was appointed as the head of the Imereti diocese, a position he held until 1917.

This publication discusses Bishop Giorgi’s tenure as Samitropolit of Imereti from 1908 to 1917, based on archival documents and contemporary press materials.

Archival documents mention efforts towards the restoration of the Kutaisi Theological Seminary. Additionally, records from the sessions of the Temporary Government of the Georgian Church discuss Bishop Giorgi’s dismissal from his diocese.

Most of the archival documents presented in this article are being published for the first time.

The 19th - century public woman - Dominika Eristavi

Mariam Marjanishvili — 2023-11-07

The mental awakening of Georgian women and their involvement in public activities became particularly noticeable from the 1860s, which Ilia Chavchavadze termed as a significant political event, the „new age“.

In the literary and public discourse of that era, when the national consciousness of the country was awakening, literary salons initiated by Georgian women emerged in a new light.

Georgian women quickly became central to public opinion as they actively participated in the struggle for national liberation, the revival of their mother tongue, and theater. They also congregated around cultural hubs such as Georgian magazines and newspapers like „Droeba“, „Iveria“, „Theatre and Life“, „Georgian Library“, „Akaki Monthly Collection“, and others.

Under the initiative of Georgian women writers, youth magazines, workers’ theaters, reading rooms, women’s professional schools, and women’s gymnasiums gradually took shape.

Georgian women also played a significant role in politics and state administration. With the changing social structure, a new generation of women entered the arena, actively engaging in the educational system and contributing to the national progress of the country. Notable among them was Dominika Eristavi, a poet, writer, translator, the first female proofreader of the „Iveria“ newspaper, editor of the „Nobat“ magazine, politician, and founder of the „Georgian Women’s Society“, known by her literary pseudonym „Gandegili“.

She was one of the active Georgian women who vehemently campaigned against the backward, restrictive views of tsarism and dedicated herself to the struggle for the rights of Georgian women.

The poetess deeply believed that achieving equality for women would be the most significant factor in transforming the social structure:

„A mother is the foundation of science, the backbone of family, nation, and society. A woman is the true measure of a nation’s spiritual strength. The more established and free a woman is, the more balanced society becomes, like a drop in the ocean of humanity.“

Great creative talent flourishes where women are not enslaved but free individuals.

Dominika Eristavi became a symbol of Georgian women’s fight for equality, emancipation, and citizenship rights, inspiring many followers.

The First Children’s Opera in Kutaisi by Kote Marjanishvili

Gubaz Megrelidze — 2023-11-07

This event is little known in the history of Georgian theater and even in Kutaisi. For the first time, this paper examines the children’s opera staged in Kutaisi by the great Georgian director, Kote Marjanishvili, marking the first children›s opera in Georgia.

The report is based on the memories of the participants of the performance (K. Bokeria, L. Gegechkori, K. Sirbiladze, Farkosadze, Ak. Shanidze, N. Shvangiradze). This staging had a significant impact on the further development of children›s musical education. The public became interested in the development of musical education for the next generation. Rehearsals were held at a high professional level, which contributed to the development of the young actors’ abilities. Most importantly, this play is not mentioned in any book or collection published about Marjanishvili or the artist Petre Otkheli. This work will contribute to the comprehensive study of their creative heritage.

At the beginning of 1930, the pioneering organization of the Kutaisi Music Technical College (currently the M. Balanchivadze Kutaisi School of Music), headed by Ak. Shanidze, asked Kote Marjanishvili to stage the children›s opera by composer Shalva Taktakishvili, „First May“ (the title was changed during the work to „Battle“ with a libretto by L. Gegechkori). Everything started when K. Marjanishvili attended a concert. After the concert, he came up with the idea of a larger-scale event and decided to stage a children’s opera. The age of the students did not exceed 10-12 years. About 200 children from different schools came to the selection process, which was led by K. Marjanishvili. Later, he attended 4-5 rehearsals, including the general rehearsal, but the premiere was held without him due to his departure to Moscow. The performance was prepared at the Kutaisi Drama Theater, where decorations, costumes, and props were made. During the process, the technical staff of the theater helped the students with great attention. Rehearsals were conducted by director Vakhtang Abashidze. The premiere took place on March 11, 1930, with great success.

The suffixes -ob and -eb replace thematic markers in Imeretian

Maia Mikautadze — 2023-11-07

The -ob and -eb suffixes are commonly used and productive thematic markers in both Georgian triliteral language and its dialects. They are attached to various types of verbs and serve as markers for present and past participles.

The replacement of the -ob suffix with another thematic marker is relatively rare in dialects, whereas the opposite is often true. In Kilos, the -eb suffix is frequently replaced by another thematic marker, including the -ob suffix.

An interesting phenomenon was observed in lower Imeretian concerning the verb form of „mitirs“. Specifically, when the context implies causing someone to cry, the subject marker remains unchanged in both present and past tenses:

Present: He makes me cry, my son/heart/mother... Past: He made me cry, my son/heart/mother...

However, if the context refers to cursing or swearing about someone›s mother crying, the subject marker -eb is replaced by the -ob suffix:

She cries for her mother (incorrectly, „mother she cries for her“).

In these forms of Imeruli Kilos, the language not only resolves grammatical ambiguities and avoids stem coincidences in present and past participle forms (compare with above, examining verb types), but also imbues them with semantic distinctions: distinguishing between a child crying and a mother crying.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, the Kutaisi press emphasized the necessity of protecting the ethnic and cultural identity of Georgians

Rusudan Mikautadze — 2023-11-07

Ethnic self-awareness is defined by ethnic culture and language. If an ethnic group loses its cultural specificity, it ceases to exist as an independent entity. This was the concern Georgian public figures had following the loss of statehood. Through the Georgian press, particularly from the early 20th century onward, they actively resisted Russification policies despite repression from Russian authorities. Newspapers in Kutaisi, despite censorship, aimed to educate the public on pressing issues threatening Georgian identity: the Georgian language, music, architectural samples, archaeological artifacts, and more. Articles in the Kutaisi press sought to make people understand and appreciate Georgian culture, fostering pride in its centuries-old history, which they believed essential for every Georgian and crucial for preserving Georgian identity. Cultural and educational organizations in Kutaisi played a pivotal role in promoting national self-awareness and instilling a sense of pride among Georgians. Through various initiatives, they helped Georgian society rediscover its cultural identity and assert its national consciousness.

Artificial Intelligence Technology for Restoration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Tinatin Mshvidobadze — 2023-11-07

This work explores various cultural heritage monuments situated in the Imereti region. It presents several projects that have utilized artificial intelligence and robotics technology, showcasing advancements in cultural heritage preservation.

The application of these technologies in the projects described will be crucial for facilitating the restoration of cultural heritage monuments in the Imereti region.

As technology continues to evolve and experts in the field become more proficient in its application, there is optimism that further advancements in the preservation and digitization of cultural heritage will ensue. The existence of digital cultural heritage will contribute significantly to recording history and enriching cultural vitality.

A general review of the gastronomic dictionary material in Upper Imeretian sub-dialect

Marina Mtskerashvili — 2023-11-07

The foundation of any language lies in its lexical and grammatical structures. Lexical composition, derived from the lexical fund, forms the entire language system through grammatical structure. Languages evolve, incorporating dialectal words into their vocabulary. Dialectal vocabulary is crucial as it preserves diverse linguistic forms, facilitating comprehensive research. Therefore, a comprehensive review of gastronomic lexical material in the Upper Imerian dialect is essential. It aids in conserving regional culinary heritage, understanding local customs and traditions, and exploring the region›s food-related interactions.

Studying the gastronomic lexicon of Upper Imeretian sub-dialect illuminates how this specific sub-dialect evolved under culinary traditions and unique cultural practices of the region. This research is imperative for safeguarding cultural traditions, linguistic dynamics, culinary identity, and sociolinguistic significance. Documenting the region›s culinary vocabulary helps protect Upper Imerian’s distinctive traditions and linguistic legacy, underscoring the significance of preserving and celebrating diverse cultural practices.

Verbal realities in Shota Nishnianidze’s poetry

Nora Nikoladze-Lomsianidze — 2023-11-07

Shota Nishnianidze holds a prominent position among Georgian figures of the 20th century who greatly contributed to the understanding, utilization, and popularization of native folk creativity. However, his artistic endeavors remain largely unexplored in the context of Georgian folklore. This brief work represents the initial attempt to examine the poet from a folkloric perspective.

Shota Nishnianidze brought numerous folk works to life, imbuing them with his poetic spirit and presenting original poems of profound idealism and high artistry to the Georgian people. Within his artistic oeuvre, the poet integrates folk songs, narratives of historical and folk heroes, proverbs, linguistic materials, incantations, and anecdotes, offering insights into customs, performances, traditions, and more.

Through this study, we highlight pertinent folkloric elements and affirm that Shota Nishnianidze stands as one of Georgia’s independent and deeply national poets, whose pen commands the realm of artistic expression and thought. Many of his poems draw influence from oral tradition in terms of plot, motifs, and characters. By incorporating folk creativity, the poet’s verses distinguish themselves with a natural, simple, and melodious quality, thereby finding a cherished place in the hearts and minds of each reader.

Evolution of Niko Nikoladze’s National Belief

Avtandil Nikoleishvili — 2023-11-07

Like every representative of the great generation of „Tergdaleulebi“, the discussion on the problem of Georgia’s political-state orientation took a very important place in the journalism of Niko Nikoladze (1843-1928). Determining the future state destiny of our country became the subject of his special interest and the foundation of his worldview. In the first stage of his work, N. Nikoladze’s search for optimal ways for the state future of Georgia led him to recognize the necessity of coexistence with Russia. A thorough judgment and analysis of the historical situation and contemporary reality firmly strengthened his belief that the formation of Georgia as an independent state was a distant prospect. Therefore, he considered taking refuge under the protection of another country and solving national problems by living together as part of this state. In the earlier stage of his work, N. Nikoladze considered Russia to be such a country. In his opinion, the choice made by a part of our ancestors to seek protection under Russia was the only right decision at that time, and the future development of Georgia was most possible within this framework.

After the bourgeois-democratic revolution of February 1917 and the subsequent events that led to the collapse of the Russian Empire, N. Nikoladze dramatically changed his opinion regarding the state status of Georgia. He actively demanded the complete separation of our country from the Russian Empire and its establishment as an independent state. This point of view is evident in letters published since 1918. After the restoration of Georgia’s independence, the writer became practically involved in the process of solving the state problems of our country. To understand the essence of such a radical change in Nikoladze’s worldview, his letter „The Overthrow of Russia and the Fate of Georgia“, published in the March 22, 24, and 27, 1918 issues of the newspaper „Georgia“, is particularly interesting.

British Traveler and Writer John Buchan Telfer about Imereti

Otar Nikoleishvili — 2023-11-07

Among the 19th-century foreign sources that provide insights into the history, culture, and traditions of Imereti, mention must be made of the book „The Crimea and Transcaucasia; being the narrative of a journey in the Kouban, in Gouria, Georgia, Armenia, Ossety, Imeritia, Swannety, and Mingrelia, and in the Tauric range“, published in London in 1876 in two volumes. This work was authored by John Buchan Telfer, a captain in the United Kingdom fleet, a member of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a traveler and writer.

It is noteworthy that during the 1870s, Telfer spent three years in the Russian Empire and made two journeys to the Crimea and the Caucasus. While Telfer did not visit many cities and regions of Georgia during his travels to the country, I will focus here only on the section of his book that pertains to Imereti. The value of the information provided by Telfer lies in its diversity and in the firsthand impressions he gathered.

Despite certain inaccuracies in Telfer’s work, „The Crimea and Transcaucasia“ must be regarded as a multifaceted and significant foreign source for studying the history of Imereti and Georgia as a whole.

Bishop Gabriel (Kikodze) of Imereti - defender of the Georgian language

Levan Tkeshelashvili — 2023-11-07

In the early 19th century, the Georgian principalities were forcibly incorporated into the Russian Empire. The Russian government attempted to eradicate the Georgian language from educational settings and replace it with Russian. Bishop Gabriel Kikodze of Imereti (1860-1896) made a significant contribution to the preservation of the Georgian language. Gabriel, an uncompromising figure, confronted high-ranking Russian officials and even the Exarch of Georgia, presenting factual arguments for the importance and necessity of Georgians learning their native language, while acknowledging the value of also learning Russian alongside Georgian.

In his letters, Bishop Gabriel openly criticized the Russian authorities for stripping the clergy in Georgia of their sacred right to educate people in the Orthodox faith. Under Russian rule, parish schools shifted focus from religious education to the study of the Russian language, depriving students of religious instruction and exacerbating societal issues. Bishop Gabriel›s correspondence is intriguing from multiple perspectives; it elucidates the threats faced by the Georgian clergy under Russian rule, critiques Russian educational policies that caused unrest among the Georgian populace, and defends the integrity of the Georgian language“.

This version aims to clarify and enhance the original text for better readability and accuracy.

Viktor Nozadze and „Vepkhistkaosani (The Knight in the Panther Skin)“

Lali Urdulashvili — 2023-11-07

The emigrant scientist Viktor Nozadze holds a special place among Georgian rustvelologists of the 20th century. After leaving his homeland, he lived and worked in Europe until the end of his life. Viktor Nozadze passed away in France and is buried in the Georgian cemetery of Levili.

The scientific contributions of Viktor Nozadze are invaluable and remain relevant to this day. For a long time, his works were unknown to Georgian society due to economic circumstances. He was recognized only within a narrow circle of specialists as a scholar of Rustveli›s poem. Despite facing difficulties in obtaining the necessary literature abroad, V. Nozadze tirelessly collaborated with friends on translating the poem.

The scientist authored encyclopedic monographs: on color speech, natural speech, solar speech, star speech, social speech, divine speech, and intimate speech. Thanks to his broad erudition and natural talent, he illuminated many obscure passages of the poem and provided his own interpretations of previously unstudied stanzas.

With his works, V. Nozadze opened a completely new chapter in rustvelological science.

Superstition - plot of Davit Kldiashvili’s stories (according to Elguja Tavberidze’s „The Shirt of The Doubt“)

Nestan Pipia — 2023-11-07

Davit Kldiashvili›s creative principle is rooted in the literary-aesthetic foundations of critical realism and the pursuit of undisguised truth. His work is distinguished by thematic and genre variety. A „smile with tears“ has become a metaphor for his artistic creations, which evoke both heartwarming tears and soulful introspection. Through superstition, the human world is depicted as filled with doubt, despair, and unconscious cruelty. In this context, we discussed stories such as „Anger“, „Victim“, and „Michela“. These narratives, true to the author›s style, exhibit psychological depth, subtle analysis of emotions, and a sense of believability.

Among the most challenging events influenced by superstition is „tailing“, whose spiritual and psychological core revolves around fear and the breakdown of internal resolve. Prejudice, according to some opinions, forms the basis of several of Kldiashvili›s stories. Elguja Tavberidze’s „The Shirt of Doubt“ approaches characters with an artistic-scientific lens, examining the motivations behind their actions and describing rituals associated with „tailing“ (chiakakonoba, chechetoba). Tavberidze discusses the first attempt in Georgian literature to transform the superstition of „tailing“ into an artistic narrative - Al. Orbeliani’s „Arak Tartaroz, or Night of the Tailed Ones“.

The author cites the press of his time as a significant source of inspiration for „The Shirt of Doubt“, which he knows intimately. Superstition, portrayed as a shackle on consciousness, impedes genuine and lawful living.

We identified a unique character type - Marine (the „victim“ in the story). Unlike the writer’s usual characters, who typically exhibit obedience to fate, Marine is portrayed as a fighter. Our research focused on the psychological process behind the darkness and cruelty of superstition, which holds a narcotic allure that ultimately overcomes Marine when she finds herself utterly alone. „The Shirt of Doubt“ significantly deepens this line of inquiry. It underscores a cause-and-effect artistic-documentary chain.

In conclusion, Elguja Tavberidze’s „The Shirt of Doubt“ emerges as an important and essential book from this perspective.

Upper Imereti and Akaki and Giorgi Tsereteli

Manana Kajaia — 2023-11-07

Two prominent representatives of 19th-century Georgian literature from Imereti belong to the group of Georgian patriots who emerged in the 1860s and profoundly impacted Georgian public and literary life.

Representatives of Upper Imereti, Akaki and Giorgi Tsereteli, actively participated in public and literary life, addressing and solving the crucial issues of their time. Their civic beliefs were shaped by the ideals of the national-liberal movement. They epitomize the intellectuals of the 1860s, distinguished by their broad education and diverse activities.

As is well known, Giorgi Tsereteli, along with Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, carried the weighty and honorable duty of artist and educator of the nation from youth until death. Under this burden, he upheld the name of Georgian literature and public service with unwavering dignity, characteristic of a respected national figure.

The warm friendship between Akaki Tsereteli and Giorgi Tsereteli, which began in Kutaisi Gymnasium and grew stronger during Akaki’s collaboration in the „Krebuli“ magazine, is noteworthy.

It is crucial to consider how the public received the emergence of each writer in Georgian literature, what aspects Georgian critics noted in their works, and which moments they emphasized.

Akaki Tsereteli’s opinion on Giorgi Tsereteli›s work is particularly intriguing. While Akaki did not extensively publish letters discussing Giorgi’s work in detail, his insights are pivotal in characterizing Giorgi Tsereteli. In essence, Akaki emphasizes Giorgi Tsereteli›s remarkable productivity and industriousness, which sometimes results in unevenness in his writing. While he produces prolifically, only certain pieces exhibit true talent, with others appearing rushed and fatigued.

Thus, Akaki Tsereteli’s positive assessment of Giorgi Tsereteli’s creative output is both intriguing and significant.

Some Issues of Historical and Traditional Existence Conveyed by Surnames (According to the Ethnographic Material of Surnames that Migrated from Imereti and to Imereti)

Davit Shavianidze — 2023-11-07

Ethnographic material found in the people’s memory (museum-archive) is a reliable primary source in the research of issues studied in various fields such as ethnology, history of ethnos, cultural history, geography, sociology, psychology, history of religion, mythology, folklore, and ethnological science.

Ethnographic material is the basis for new data, new and different results, and theories. Accordingly, one of the goals of our research work is to provide as much ethnographic material as possible, relevant to the research topic. This material reflects the „order of life“, and is interesting and useful for the reader, Kartvelology, and various fields of science.

We present the surnames of clans who were exiled from Imereti and migrated to Imereti (Kashibadze, Chaghalidze, Chirgadze, Gogokhia, Arkania, Bulia, Chegiani, Kutateladze, Khikhadze, Akhaladze, Akhobadze, Maghradze, Abramishvili, Maisuradze, Svanadze, Satmanidze, Abashidze, Kartsivadze) during the period of „Oghloba“. The results of the ethnological research depict the second hereditary names of the surnames, different characteristics of their existence, and their stories.

By studying our latest materials, it becomes clear: a. About the „plague“ (persecution of religion, destruction of churches and monasteries, destruction of self- consciousness, ethnic-cultural erosion, and the general destruction of the traditional way of life) by the communists, who fought against both man and icon, including Georgians who were harassed by them. b. About the references to Adjara, where Georgians who converted to another religion were derogatorily called „Tatar“, „Armenian“, „Azeri“, mocking their faith and religiosity. c. How the „provoked“ Abkhazians managed to cross the border of Abkhazia, inhabited by Svan-Megrelians, as far as the Enguri River. Despite this, Abkhazia was and remains a country of Georgians, distinguished only by its unique ethnographic characteristics. d. About the migration of the population from villages „for the need of a better life“, often leading to the complete emptying of villages. e. About the historical memory of dedication to the country, the most important aspect of the “consistency-oriented“ way of being, and the commitment to „saving Georgianness through women“. f. The terms „epidemic“ and „curse“ are used to describe the actions directed against the enemies of Georgia, reflecting the deep-seated resistance to threats against Georgian identity and cultural integrity.

In the matter of preserving the cultural life of the ethnos, self-awareness, national integrity, and the historical memory of dedication to the country, the preservation of its traditional-religious way of life is of utmost importance.

Fridon Khalvashi’s „Sami Simoneti (Three Simoneti)“ and Some Fragments from the History of Georgia

Malkhaz Chokharadze — 2023-11-07

Fridon Khalvashi›s poem „Sami Simoneti (Three Simoneti)“ was written in 1970. The ideological basis of the poem is the history of Georgia, along with the oral stories spread among the people. According to these stories, during the Ottoman invasion, part of the population from the village of Simoneti, located on Chorokhispira in Adjara, moved to Imereti and named their new settlement Simoneti. The third Simoneti, according to the analysis of the poem, is located in Turkey and was founded by Muhajirs. In the village of Ilimbei, Gayve District, Sakarya Province, the toponym Simoneti is indeed recorded, as it is the name of one of the districts established by migrants. Descendants of Georgian emigrants, particularly those from Maradidi and Simoneti of Adjara at the end of the 19th century, live in Ilimbei.

The thematic arc of the poem, in addition to the title, is announced in the epigraph: „I know three Simoneti: the first village is near Chorokh, the second - in Imereti, the third - near Bursa, Turkey“. The article discusses Fridon Khalvashi’s poem and the details of the past and present of the three villages, which are directly related to the artistic interpretation of reality. This involves the relation of poetic imagery to objective reality. Accordingly, along with artistic texts, both historical writings and collective memory materials are used for analysis: folk stories, legends, written or fictionalized narratives.

It is significant that, along with old and new folk stories, inspiring artistic texts of modern contacts with Simoneti were also found. Intensive contacts between individuals began in the 90s. In 2001, the first organized meetings between representatives of the villages in Adjara and Imereti were held. In 2003, a large stone cross was brought from Imereti to Adjara and installed at the head of the village. In May 2023, the foundation of a church was begun. On May 23, the day of commemoration of Simon the Canaanite, the foundation was consecrated. Another echo of folk history is that the construction of the church began in the name of Simon the Canaanite

Giorgi Tsereteli in the Memories of Soprom Mgaloblishvili

Magda Chikaberidze — 2023-11-07

Giorgi Tsereteli’s persona comes to life interestingly in the memories of the public writer, Soprom Mgaloblishvili. The memoirist knew him well and had both personal and business relationships with him. According to Soprom Mgaloblishvili, Giorgi Tsereteli is one of the prominent representatives of the 60s generation. He was a multifaceted individual, primarily a novelist and publicist.

Soprom Mgaloblishvili highlights Giorgi Tsereteli’s special personal qualities: „He was a great organizer and a time saver“. Tsereteli founded the „Droeba“ newspaper, „Sasoflo Gazeti“, „Krebuli“ magazine, and later the „Kvali“ newspaper. While publishing the „Kvali“ newspaper, he noticed the development of the third movement and paved the way for his newspaper.

According to the memoirist, Giorgi Tsereteli was a very mobile and energetic man. He often visited the newly joined regions of Georgia: Kobuleti, Adjara, Shavsheti... He got close to Muslim Georgians and encouraged others to do the same. He frequently spoke with Bishop Grigol of Guria-Samegrelo and urged him to educate Muslim Georgians about their ancient history and the role their region played in ancient Georgia.

Soprom Mgaloblishvili also noted that Giorgi Tsereteli campaigned against Russification. He asked Bishop Grigol of Guria-Samegrelo to protest the introduction of the Megrelian liturgy in churches. Grigol, who was also against it, addressed the government with an official statement.

Although Giorgi Tsereteli faced many challenges, he continued to fight and „found enjoyment in this fight“, according to the memoirist. Soprom Mgaloblishvili’s appreciation of Tsereteli is evident, and someone is even publishing his works in a volume.

The memoirs provide an interesting description of the business relationship between Soprom Mgaloblishvili and Giorgi Tsereteli, revealing the great figure’s personal qualities: perseverance, courage, and determination. In general, Soprom Mgaloblishvili shares many details about Giorgi Tsereteli that are not found in other memoirs, adding special value to his memories.

Georgian reality and gender issue on the example of Imereti (According to „Irine’s happiness“ by Davit Kldiashvili)

Sophiko Chumburidze — 2023-11-07

Davit Kldiashvili, a prominent figure in Georgian literature, addresses significant social and gender issues in his works, particularly highlighted in his play „Irine’s Happiness“. This play delves into the complexities of gender roles and societal expectations prevalent in Imereti, Georgia, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Kldiashvili’s ability to generalize local issues to broader societal contexts is noteworthy. Through „Irine’s Happiness“, he portrays the struggles faced by women due to cultural and social stereotypes. The play critiques the paternalistic attitudes of parents who decide their daughters’ futures without considering their personal freedom or desires. This theme resonates powerfully today, amidst ongoing discussions on gender equality and women’s autonomy.

In the context of contemporary gender studies, Kldiashvili’s work gains recognition for its insightful portrayal of how gender norms restrict and oppress women. „Irine’s Happiness“ serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring relevance of these issues across different cultures and historical periods.

Moreover, the play’s enduring popularity in Georgian theater underscores its continued relevance. Directors and audiences alike are drawn to its exploration of gender dynamics and the societal pressures that shape women’s lives. This ongoing interest reflects a broader recognition of Kldiashvili’s contribution to world literature, as his works transcend local specificity to address universal themes.

Thus, Davit Kldiashvili emerges not only as a significant literary figure in Georgian history but also as a prescient commentator on gender issues whose insights continue to resonate in contemporary discourse. His portrayal of Irine’s fate remains a compelling testament to the struggles against gender stereotypes and the quest for individual autonomy and happiness.

Imer vocabulary in Tengiz Topuridze’s book „Ethnographic Notes“

Luiza Khachapuridze — 2023-11-07

Tengiz Topuridze, a poet, translator, and civil servant, was born in 1970 in Kutaisi. He graduated from the Faculty of Economics of TSU and the Faculty of Journalism of Kutaisi Multi-Profile Independent University, and later from Tbilisi State Institute of Business. He held leading positions in central and regional governmental structures. Topuridze published his first poems during early childhood. Over time, he served as editor of the literary newspaper „Tsai“, deputy editor of the newspaper „Sportuli Kutaisi“, and co-author of the collection of children’s poems titled „Lile“. His poems, novels, and journalistic letters appeared in Georgian magazines and newspapers, and his poems are featured in the anthology „Georgian Poets of the 1980s-90s“ (2010). Topuridze has also translated works, including a small anthology of Chinese poetry titled „Chinese Landscape Lyrics“ (1998), a collection of Lu Xin’s selected works

„The Call“ (2001), and a management manual „Leadership and Modern Principles of Management“ (2012). In 2017, he was awarded an honorary doctorate in government. In 2017, he left his homeland and currently resides and works in New York.

Recently, he published the book „Ethnographic Notes“, which reflects poignant and affectionate memories of his homeland and past life. The book also delves into the lives of immigrants, examining the loss of native and foreign cultures and ways of life. Notably, Topuridze accurately cites lexical items characteristic of the Imeri/Kutaisi period of the 1980s-90s.

The book includes everyday household vocabulary such as „Servantika „Atamanka“, „Sequoyage“, „Francuskebi“, „Daghvrialeba“, „Maimakh“, „Jligvi“, as well as names of games like „Omobana/Drachdrachobia“, „Bris ili Meow“ „Shtabobana“, „Partisanobana“, „What can the owner of this do“, and „broken phone“. „It also covers card games such as „Pianitsa“, „Kaziol“, „Duraka“, „Achko“ „Konchina“, „Toilet“, „Veryu Ne Veryu“, „Tiri“, predominantly using Russian vocabulary. Additionally, Topuridze discusses the lexicon of teachers and young people characteristic of the 1990s and Soviet times, including phrases like „I dug my stomach“, „I put Na ravne“, „the wolves split up“, „I split them“, „I broke them“ word for word.

The lexemes mentioned above vividly convey the difficult circumstances of the population during that period in our fortunate country and the Georgian language of that time. It’s worth noting that most of the lexemes or words documented in Topuridze’s notes, as analyzed by us, are not documented in published dictionaries. Therefore, this material is a valuable addition to the Georgian dialect dictionary.

On the Mukhran Machavariani’s language of poetry (word formation, dialectisms, slang)

Manana Khvingia — 2023-11-07

Mukhran Machavariani’s work is exceptionally intriguing from a linguistic perspective. The poet wandered deep into the heart of Georgia, tirelessly seeking out forgotten words, reviving them, and breathing new life into them.

The goal of this research is to introduce readers to Mukhran Machavariani’s poetry and highlight the richness of the Georgian language within his verses. Each word is carefully considered and imbued with nuanced meaning.

Machavariani assigns a special place in his work to dialects and ancient, forgotten words, using them to add different shades of color and imbue them with meaningful content. Throughout his career, the poet has collected pearls from various regions of Georgia and seamlessly weaves them into his compositions. Machavariani can be likened to an „iron man“ of words, fearlessly introducing new vocabulary and crafting them into poetic gems.

The poet describes his process as a search, often uncertain of what he will find until he does, at which point the word is reborn with its own tone, sound, and sometimes even new meaning. Machavariani asserts, „It is sacrilege to approach a poetic verse solely through grammar!“ His words are renowned for their beauty, musicality, and poetic resonance, deeply embedding themselves in the reader’s consciousness from the first encounter, which he calls „Mukhrani“.

Archaic words abound in Mukhran Machavariani’s poetry, which he embraces without reservation. He asserts, „A word that survives in any dialect cannot be considered archaic“, while acknowledging the need for balance amidst the influx of foreign terms. The poet does not shy away from using slang, using it to underscore his stance on various characters and actions that he finds objectionable as a citizen, poet, and individual: „When I see such villains on the TV screen, the barn floor is where they belong, having already left this world...“

Thus, the archaisms, dialects, and neologisms in Mukhran Machavariani’s poetry reflect his deep respect and commitment to the Georgian language. Understanding each word is crucial when delving into Machavariani’s poems, as they reveal the poet’s thoughts and profound love for the roots of his native language.

Principles of Environmental Responsibility and the Construction of the Ricoti Highway

Mzia Khositashvili — 2023-11-07

Global warming and the resultant floods, landslides, and other natural disasters increasingly threaten the modern world. Additionally, the activities of numerous large and small organizations directly and indirectly affect the natural environment through waste generation, air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources, and infrastructural development. The impact on the environment is particularly evident in urban development and the construction of roads and highways.

In recent years, Georgia has initiated several large-scale highway construction projects. Since gaining independence, Georgia has become a crucial transit country for domestic and foreign cargo transportation, prompting the modernization of the East-West highway.

Highway construction can significantly alter the surrounding landscape, contributing to biodiversity loss and habitat degradation, thereby impacting the social and economic conditions of local residents.

The article underscores the adverse environmental effects of highway construction and reconstruction, emphasizing the importance of adhering to principles of environmental responsibility by countries and organizations undertaking such projects. This entails implementing preventive measures, managing environmental risks, and conducting thorough environmental impact assessments. Notably, Georgia adheres to international declarations, standards, and agreements governing highway design and construction, ensuring the quality and safety of projects like the Ricoti road.

Prior to constructing the Ricoti Highway, thorough assessments were conducted to anticipate potential negative environmental impacts. Mitigation measures were developed to minimize interference with natural landscapes, protect unstable ground structures, and mitigate impacts on vegetation, fauna, and the socio-economic environment.

The article evaluates the adequacy of environmental protection measures outlined in the project and assesses efforts made to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.